A California court has held that California Senate Bill 826, which required that “publicly held” corporations that listed a California address for their principal executive offices on the cover page of their Form 10-K reports must have specified numbers of female directors by certain dates, violates the California constitution and has enjoined the use of California taxpayer funds to carry out the 2018 law. This ruling follows the decision of another California court in April 2022 holding that California Assembly Bill 979 violated the California constitution and the issuance of a similar injunction preventing California from using taxpayer funds to implement that law. Assembly Bill 979 was enacted in 2020 to add a requirement that publicly held corporations that were already subject to Senate Bill 826 also have specified numbers of directors from “underrepresented minorities,” as defined in the law, by certain dates. If the state does not appeal these decisions and California appellate courts do not overturn these decisions, it appears that both of these legislative initiatives to promote more diverse representation on public company boards will have come to an end.

Read the client alert.

In Europe, life sciences deals increased over the last few years with a strong acceleration in 2021. As a result, the market wonders whether this is just a pick or rather a steady trend which will impact our market in the future as well. Analyzing the reasons of such growth and comparing it with more mature markets such as the U.S. comfort us in thinking that it is just the beginning for continental Europe.

The U.S. life sciences market has been very strong over the past decades and is seen as very mature. The level of venture investments, which are now very much standardized, licensing, M&A and IPOs is very high, both in volume and in number.

For the last ten years or so, the life sciences UK market attracted U.S. investors and an increasing number of growth funds. After a first step of development through venture investments, such companies are now ready for licensing, M&A and IPOs. This is also the trend that we anticipate for the European market even if each country or region still has its own specificities (in particular UK, Germany, France and the Nordic Countries).

Read the client alert.

On August 6, 2021, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission approved Nasdaq’s Board Diversity Rules (the “Rules”). The Rules require Nasdaq-listed companies to have or explain why they do not have at least two diverse directors. Companies are also required to annually disclose statistical information on board diversity using a standardized board diversity matrix. To assist companies in identifying diverse directors, the SEC also approved rules that provide Nasdaq-listed companies with free access to a variety of board recruiting services. The Rules apply to nearly all Nasdaq-listed companies, including Smaller Reporting Companies and, with some accommodations for home country requirements, Foreign Private Issuers. The requirement to have or explain the lack of diverse directors becomes effective in two steps that will affect proxy statements for annual meetings of calendar year-end companies in 2023 and 2025 (2023 and 2026 for companies listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market). The requirement to disclose board diversity factors using the Nasdaq matrix will apply to proxy statements for annual meetings of calendar year-end companies starting in 2022.

Read the full insight here.

Goodwin previewed the now approved Nasdaq Board Diversity Rules in its December 2020 “Nasdaq Takes a Stand: Board Diversity is Good Corporate Governance, Not a Trend” blog post.

Rule 10b5-1 trading plans have faced increased scrutiny since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the corresponding public focus on stock sales by executives of public life sciences companies. On June 7, 2021, SEC Chairman Gary Gensler continued that scrutiny when he delivered prepared remarks to the Wall Street Journal’s CFO Network Summit concerning Rule 10b5-1 trading plans and his view that “these plans have led to real cracks in our insider trading regime.” Mr. Gensler outlined four potential reforms that the SEC staff is considering to address those “cracks”.

Read the full insight here.

Whether you are a director, or a member of an in-house legal, human resources, or internal audit team, there are sensitive scenarios that occur daily in life sciences companies that trigger the need for an internal investigation.

Goodwin has crafted an “In-House Counsel’s Guide” that sets forth a framework of best practices and key considerations for effective internal investigations, including special subject matter and industry-specific considerations; preserving the attorney-client privilege and attorney work product protection; the need for disclosure to and coordination with auditors, regulators, and others; and conducting investigations remotely.

Read the In-House Counsel’s Guide — Conducting Internal Investigations

The use of special purpose acquisition companies, or SPACs, as an alternative to the traditional IPO process has gained significant traction over the past few years and in 2020 in particular. While these transactions have historically focused more on the tech space, with top-tier biotech investors such as Perceptive Advisors, RA Capital, RTW Investments, Foresite Capital and 5AM Ventures serving as SPAC sponsors, SPACs have gained more popularity in the biotech industry.

A SPAC is a blank check company that goes through the standard IPO process to raise capital with the purpose of using the proceeds to acquire one or more business targets or their assets. The IPO proceeds are placed in a trust account to be used at a later date to fund the De-SPAC transaction (the process through which a private target combines with the SPAC and begins trading as a public company).

The use of De-SPAC transactions to bring a private company public is gaining in popularity due to the benefits that such transactions offer. These benefits can include:

• More Streamlined: a De-SPAC transaction typically involves both a merger with the SPAC and a concurrent private investment in public equity, or PIPE, which raises additional capital from outside investors and potentially existing investors of the target company and SPAC. Both the SPAC merger and the PIPE are signed and announced simultaneously, which allows for a more streamlined process than the typical two-step crossover financing followed by an IPO.

• Mitigate Risk: because valuation is agreed towards the beginning of the De-SPAC process, a De-SPAC transaction helps to mitigate the potential market volatility risk that is inherent with traditional IPOs.

Given the success of recent De-SPAC transactions in the biotech space, with eight (8) De-SPAC transactions with biotech companies closed in 2020, coupled with the peaked interest of biotech investors, the use of De-SPAC transactions by private biotech companies to go public will likely continue to grow in 2021.

On December 1, 2020, Nasdaq filed a proposal with the SEC to adopt new listing rules relating to board diversity and heighted disclosure.  Nasdaq’s position is clear – “diversity in the boardroom is good corporate governance.”  Citing the recent social justice movement and a wide range of studies linking board diversity to improved corporate governance and financial performance, Nasdaq’s proposal highlights the role of national exchanges in providing a regulatory push for companies to embrace meaningful board diversification.

The proposal, if adopted, would require Nasdaq-listed companies, subject to certain exceptions, to have at least one director who self-identifies as female and at least one director who self-identifies as an underrepresented minority or LGBTQ+. Listed companies would also be required to disclose statistical information on board diversity and, if applicable, their rationale for not meeting the diversity objectives.  Smaller reporting companies and foreign private issuers could satisfy the requirement with two female directors.

Progress on board diversity has been slow, especially with respect to underrepresented racial and ethnic groups. Under the phase-in provisions of the proposal, companies would have to comply with the statistical disclosure requirement within one year of SEC approval and have at least one diverse director within two years, or explain their rationale for not meeting the objective. Full compliance would be required within four or five years depending on the company’s listing tier.

While the phase-in provisions of the rule won’t radically transform the public company board landscape any time soon, the disclosure requirements are potentially significant. If investors have clear and consistent information on board diversity, they can exert pressure on companies to accelerate their diversification efforts. Kudos to Nasdaq and its President and CEO Adena Friedman for pushing its over 3,250 listed companies to embrace board diversity as a rule rather than an exception.

Life science companies have been among the biggest users of convertible debt financing in the first half of 2020.  As highlighted in our recent Client Insight article, life science, technology and other traditional high-yield debt issuers were the biggest participants in the record issuance of convertible bonds.  Through June 30, 2020, U.S. companies raised over $64 billion in 114 convertible bond offerings with most of the surge occurring in the second quarter. May 2020 saw a record $20.7 billion of convertible debt issued. The previous record monthly high for convertible issuance was $19.2 billion in May 2001.

The strength of the convertible bond market was due in part to high share price volatility in equity markets and wide credit spreads above comparable U.S. Treasuries in debt markets.  These market conditions make convertible debt an attractive source of capital versus equity follow-ons and high-yield debt offerings.  One notable life science transaction in the first half of 2020 was BridgeBio Pharma Inc.’s (BBIO) pricing of an upsized $550 million (from $375 million) convertible debt offering that featured a 2.50% coupon.  Additionally, BBIO entered into capped call transactions to raise the effective conversion prices of the notes and hedge risk of equity dilution upon conversion.  The strength of the convertible debt market enabled BBIO and other life science companies to raise capital at attractive levels.  In the first half of 2020, the average coupon rate for all convertible debt offerings was 1.25% with an average conversion premium of 37%.

Given that share price volatility and credit spreads are still at historically high levels, convertible bond offerings are expected to remain a popular source of financing for life science issuers in the second half of 2020.

For life sciences companies who are or are looking to become publicly traded in the U.S., one of the most frequent comments that we see from the SEC as part of their review process is the following:

You make several assertions regarding the safety and efficacy of certain of your product candidates. Safety and efficacy determinations are solely within the authority of the FDA (or applicable foreign regulators). Please revise these statements to remove statements/inferences that your product candidates are safe and/or effective. We will not object to a discussion of whether your product candidates were well-tolerated or discussion of whether trial endpoints were met.

Given the frequency with which verbiage such as “safety data” or “efficacy data” is used among drug developers, investors and even the FDA itself, this position by the SEC often catches companies by surprise. However, the SEC has consistently taken the view that such references are not appropriate in companies’ SEC disclosures. Importantly, even oblique references to “safety” or “efficacy” (for instance, forward-looking statements regarding the expected safety profile of a product candidate) will often draw an SEC comment.

Fortunately, there are typically relatively straightforward ways to resolve this comment. For instance, rather than referring to a drug’s efficacy, companies can instead refer to whether it met trial endpoints or demonstrated activity. Similarly, in lieu of referring to a drug’s safety, companies can refer to its tolerability or its adverse event profile observed to date.

While this topic is typically a point of emphasis in the IPO process, we often find that companies become less vigilant about avoiding “safety” and “efficacy” references in their subsequent Exchange Act periodic reports (not to mention their press releases and investor presentations). However, we frequently see this comment come up in SEC reviews of public company periodic reports, and proactively steering away from references to “safety” and “efficacy” can be a useful way to remove some low-hanging fruit that might otherwise draw an SEC comment.

The UK Government has announced a new fund that provides financing to UK start-ups and scale-ups in the form of a convertible loan which is invested directly by the Government. For further detail on the fund please see: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/future-fund.

Read the Alert >>